Pitcairnia y Deuterocohnia (Bromeliaceae: Pitcairnoideae) del departamento de Lambayeque, Perú / Pitcairnia and Deuterocohnia (Bromeliaceae: Pitcairnioideae) from Lambayeque, Peru

Resumen Este estudio proporciona una lista comentada de las especies de Pitcairnioideae (Bromeliaceae) del departamento de Lambayeque, Perú. Se reporta un total de cinco especies, una de ellas por primera vez para la zona de estudio y dos representan endemismos norperuanos. Las ecoregiones donde se encuentran corresponden al Desierto Cálido Tropical (DCT), Bosque Seco estacional (BSe), la transición Matorral Desértico-Bosque Seco (MD-BS) y el Bosque Pluvial Montano del Noroeste (BPMN), en las tres provincias del departamento. Se discuten las razones de endemismos, amenazas y criterios de categorización de estas.

Abstract This study provides an annotated list of the species of Pitcairnioideae (Bromeliaceae) from Lambayeque, Peru. A total of five species are reported, one of them for the first time for the study area and two represent northern Peruvian endemisms. The ecoregions where they are found correspond to the Tropical Warm Desert (DCT), Seasonal Dry Forest (BSe), the Desert Scrub-Dry Forest transition (MD-BS) and the Northwest Montane Pluvial Forest (MNPF), in the three provinces of the department. The reasons for endemism, threats and criteria for their categorization are discussed.

Variación en la fenología de floración de una bromelia epífita a lo largo de un gradiente de elevación / Variation in the flowering phenology of an epiphytic bromeliad along an elevational gradient

ABSTRACT Elevational patterns in flowering phenology have been reported for trees, shrubs and herbs. However, for vascular epiphytes that rely on atmospheric sources for humidity and nutrients, and depend on phorophyte microhabitat, elevational patterns of variation are unknown. In this study, we described the flowering phenology of Tillandsia carlos-hankii, an epiphytic bromeliad, along an elevational gradient in Capulálpam de Méndez, Oaxaca. We analyzed the onset, seasonality and duration of flowering along and within different elevation zones, and we evaluated the effect of phorophyte features (tree height, DBH and canopy diameter) on flowering start date and duration. From June 2016 to May 2017, we periodically recorded phenological data from six populations along three elevation zones ("low": 2151 to 2283 m. a. s. l., "medium": 2284 to 2416 m. a. s. l. and "high": 2417 to 2548 m. a. s. l.), monitoring two population per zone. Start of flowering occurred between December and January, beginning six to 16 days earlier at low elevations than in the other zones, although this difference was not statistically significant. We observed marked flowering seasonality at all the elevation zones, with differences between zones (W≥18.49, p≤0.0001) and between the populations at medium and high elevations (W≥8.57, p≤0.05). Flowering duration spanned from December to May. Phorophyte features were not related to the onset or duration of flowering (t≤-1.47, p≥0.14, in all cases). Our results suggest that vascular epiphytes follow the same elevational patterns in phenology as other life forms, and that populations in the same elevation range can vary. The causes of such intra-elevational variation merit further investigation.

RESUMEN Se han reportado los patrones altitudinales en la fenología de floración para árboles, arbustos y hierbas. Sin embargo, para epífitas vasculares, que dependen de fuentes atmosféricas para la humedad y los nutrientes, y del microhábitat del forofito, los patrones de variación en gradientes de elevación se desconocen. Se describe la fenología de floración de Tillandsia carlos-hankii, una bromelia epífita, en un gradiente de elevación en Capulálpam de Méndez, Oaxaca. Se analiza el inicio, estacionalidad y duración de su floración entre y dentro de diferentes elevaciones y se evalúa también el efecto del forofito (altura, DAP y diámetro de copa) sobre el inicio y la duración de la floración. De junio de 2016 a mayo de 2017, se monitorearon individuos localizados en seis poblaciones en tres elevaciones (bajo: 2151-2283 m. s. n. m., medio: 2284-2416 m. s. n. m., alto: 2417-2548 m. s. n. m.), dos poblaciones por zona. El inicio de la floración ocurrió entre diciembre y enero, empezando de seis a 16 días antes en la elevación baja que en las otras, aunque estas diferencias no fueron significativas. Hubo una marcada estacionalidad en todas las zonas de elevación, con diferencias entre elevaciones (W≥18,49, p≤0,0001) y entre poblaciones de media y alta elevación (W≥8,57, p≤0,05). La floración duró de diciembre a mayo. Las características del forofito no estuvieron relacionadas con el inicio ni la duración de la floración (t≤-1,47, p≥0,14, en todos los casos). Los resultados sugieren que las epífitas vasculares siguen el mismo patrón fenológico altitudinal de otras formas de vida, y que las poblaciones en un misma elevación altitudinal pueden variar. Las causas de tal variación intra-altitudinal merecen mayor investigación.

Nuevos registros de Puya (Bromeliaceae) en el departamento de Lambayeque, Perú / New records of Puya (Bromeliaceae) in the department of Lambayeque, Peru

Resumen Este estudio proporciona una lista comentada de las especies de Puya (Bromeliaceae) registradas en el departamento de Lambayeque, Perú. Se reportan un total de cinco especies, de las cuales cuatro se registran por primera vez y una de ellas se confirma como endemismo de los Andes del Departamento. Las ecorregiones donde se encuentran corresponden al Bosque Seco estacional (BSe), la transición Matorral Desértico-Bosque Seco (MD-BS) y Jalca (JA). Se presenta una clave para las especies reportadas y se discuten las razones de los endemismos, amenazas y sus criterios de categorización.

Abstract This study provides an annotated checklist of the Puya (Bromeliaceae) species registered from Lambayeque Department; Peru. A total of five species are reported, four are registered for the first time and one of them is confirmed as endemism of Lambayeque Andes. Species were from the seasonal Dry Forest (BSe), Desert Scrub-Dry Forest transition (MD-BS) and Jalca (JA) ecoregions. A key for the Puya reported species is presented and the reasons for endemisms, threats and their categorization criteria are discussed.

Conservation of Vriesea flammea L. B. Sm., an endemic Brazilian bromeliad: effects of nutrients and carbon source on plant development / Conservação de Vriesea flammea L. B. Sm., uma bromélia Brasileira endêmica: efeitos dos nutrientes e fonte de carbono sobre o desenvolvimento das plantas

Abstract Bromeliaceae is restricted to the Neotropical region and has a high degree of endemism, which contributes to increased biodiversity because of the diverse morphological characteristics of individuals. In order to develop an in vitro conservation technology to obtain plants for reintroduction, seeds of Vriesea flammea L.B.Sm. were collected, sterilized and germinated in culture medium. The plants obtained were cultured for 180 days in MS medium with different concentrations of mineral nutrients (25 and 50% of nitrogenous salts and macronutrients), and different concentrations of sucrose (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 g L-1), and then acclimatized for 150 days on commercial substrate. When seeds were sterilized directly, only 4% of them were contaminated, whereas sterilization of capsules resulted in 43.6% contaminated seeds. Germination rates above 80% were recorded. Low concentrations of nitrogenous salts and macronutrients produced greater than 76% survival and promoted greater in vitro plant development than the complete MS medium. The development of the aerial system, root system, fresh mass and photosynthetic pigments were positively related to sucrose concentration in vitro. The highest sucrose concentration also indirectly promoted greater development of the aerial system and fresh mass of acclimatized plants. We established conditions for in vitro cultivation and acclimatization for efficient propagation of V. flammea with a view towards conservation of the species or reestablishment of natural populations.

Resumo Bromeliaceae é restrita à região neotropical, com alto grau de endemismo, que contribui para o aumento da biodiversidade, devido às características morfológicas dos indivíduos. Objetivando desenvolver uma tecnologia in vitro de conservação para obtenção de plantas com vistas à reintrodução, sementes de Vriesea flammea L.B.Sm. foram coletadas, esterilizadas, germinadas em meio de cultura e as plantas obtidas foram cultivadas por 180 dias em meio MS com diferentes concentrações de nutrientes minerais (25 e 50% dos sais nitrogenados e dos macronutrientes), bem como em diferentes concentrações de sacarose (20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 g L-1). Após, as plantas foram aclimatizadas por 150 dias em substrato comercial. Quando da esterilização das sementes, apenas 4% destas contaminaram. Por sua vez, a esterilização de cápsulas resultou em 43,6% de sementes contaminadas. Taxas de germinação superiores a 80% foram registradas. Baixas concentrações dos sais nitrogenados e de macronutrientes proporcionaram sobrevivência superior a 76% e promoveram maior desenvolvimento das plantas in vitro do que o meio MS completo. O desenvolvimento do sistema aéreo, radicular, a massa fresca e pigmentos fotossintéticos apresentaram relação positiva com a concentração de sacarose in vitro. A maior concentração de sacarose também propiciou indiretamente maior desenvolvimento do sistema aéreo e massa fresca das plantas aclimatizadas. Estabelecemos as condições de cultivo in vitro e aclimatização para a eficiente propagação de V. flammea com vistas à conservação da espécie ou reestabelecimento das populações naturais.

El género Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae) en el departamento de Lambayeque, Perú / The genus Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae) in the department of Lambayeque, Peru

Resumen Se presentan 26 taxones de Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae) que ocurren en el departamento de Lambayeque, Perú, de los cuales 12 se registran por primera vez, ocupando distintas ecoregiones y formaciones vegetales, desde el tillandsial de poca elevación hasta la Jalca. Se presentan claves dicotómicas para la determinación de los subgéneros, especies y variedades y además se proporcionan datos actualizados de distribución geográfica, rango altitudinal, usos y de conservación.

Abstract There are 26 taxa of Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae) that occur in the department of Lambayeque, Peru, of which 12 are registered for the first time, occupying different ecoregions and plant formations, from the low tillandsial to the Jalca. Dichotomous keys for the determination of subgenera, species and varieties are presented and updated data on geographical distribution, altitudinal range, uses and conservation are also provided.

The Tillandsia genus: history, uses, chemistry, and biological activity / El género Tillandsia: historia, usos, química y actividad biológica

Tillandsia L. genus comprises 649 species, with different uses at different times. T. usneoides L. uses are reported since the late- archaic and pre-Columbian cultures. In XIX-XX centuries, T. usneoides was used in some manufactured products, as polish and packing fruit. Tillandsia has a favorable reputation as medicine: for leucorrhea, rheumatism, ulcers, hemorrhoid treatment, as an anti-diabetic remedy, emetic, analgesic, purgative, contraceptive, antispasmodic and diuretic. Tillandsia chemical composition includes cycloartane triterpenes and hydroxy-flavonoids, which are present in at least 24 species. Several extracts and compounds from Tillandsia spp. have been reported with pharmacological actions, as anti-neoplasia, hypolipidemic, antifungal, anti-HSV-1, hypoglycemic and microbicide. This review communicates the economic importance, ethnobotany, chemistry composition and biological activities of the Tillandsia genus, and analyze its biological and economic perspective. Tillandsia genus has cultural, economic and pharmacological relevance, with a high potential in many essential aspects of the modern society.

El género Tillandsia L. comprende 649 especies, con diferentes usos en diferentes épocas. T. usneoides L. se han reportado desde el arcáico tardío hasta las culturas precolombinas. En los siglos XIX-XX, T. usneoides se usó en productos manufacturados: como abrasivo y embalaje de fruta. Como medicina tradicional, el género Tillandsia se reporta para leucorrea, reumatismo, úlceras, hemorroides, remedio antidiabético, emético, analgésico, purgante, anticonceptivo, antiespasmódico y diurético. Su composición química incluye triterpenos de tipo ciclo-artano e hidroxi-flavonoides, presentes en al menos 24 especies. Los extractos y compuestos del género Tillandsia se han reportado con propiedades antineoplásicas, hipolipidémicas, antifúngicas, anti-HSV-1, hipoglucemiantes y microbicidas. Esta revisión comunica la importancia económica, etnobotánica, composición química y las actividades biológicas del género Tillandsia, y analiza su perspectiva biológica y potencial económica. Tillandsia tiene importancia cultural, económica y farmacológica, con gran potencial en muchos aspectos esenciales de la sociedad moderna.

Distribución geográfica de angiospermas epífitas de la región terrestre prioritaria Cerros Negro-Yucaño, Oaxaca, México / Geographical distribution of epiphytic angiosperms of the priority terrestrial region of Cerros Negro-Yucaño, Oaxaca, Mexico

Resumen El conocimiento sobre la riqueza y la distribución de las plantas epifítas vasculares es aún incompleto en muchas áreas de México. Un ejemplo es la región terrestre prioritaria (RTP) Cerros Negro-Yucaño, que se ubica en el noroeste del estado de Oaxaca y pertenece a la región mixteca alta (Ñuu Savi Sukun, Ñuu vixi). Con base en la revisión de material de herbario en 12 colecciones institucionales mexicanas y en la recolección de especímenes en algunas localidades, principalmente cubiertas por bosque de encino, en 17 de los 18 municipios que incluye la RTP, se compilo un listado de las angiospermas epífitas. Se registró la presencia de 40 especies, distribuidas en 13 géneros y cinco familias; 28 taxa son endémicos de México y tres de ellos se conocen solamente de Oaxaca. Los géneros Tillandsia (18 spp.) y Peperomia (4) fueron los mejor representados en el área. El bosque de encino fue el tipo de vegetación en el cual se encontraron más epífitas (32 spp.) y también el intervalo altitudinal de 1 900 a 2 100 m (19 spp.). Plantas en floración de Artorima erubescens, Laelia albida, L. furfuracea y Prosthechea karwinskii, son utilizadas por pobladores de la región como ornamentales, durante las celebraciones religiosas de Día de Muertos y Semana Santa. Este impacto humano podría representar una amenaza para las poblaciones silvestres de estas especies en el futuro.(AU)

Abstract The knowledge on richness and distribution of epiphytic vascular plants is still incomplete in many areas of Mexico. An example is the terrestrial priority region (RTP) Cerros Negro-Yucaño, which is located in the Northwest portion of Oaxaca and belongs to the Mixteca Alta Region (Ñuu Savi Sukun, Ñuu Vixi). Based on herbarium material revision of 12 Mexican institutional collections and the collection of specimens in some localities, mainly covered by oak forest, in 17 of the 18 municipalities included in the RTP, we compiled a list of epiphytic angiosperms. The presence of 40 species, distributed in 13 genera and five families was recorded; 28 taxa are endemic to Mexico and three of them are only known from Oaxaca. The genera Tillandsia (18 spp.) and Peperomia (4) were the best represented genera in the area. Oak forest was the type of vegetation in which the most of the epiphytes were found (32 spp.), and also the altitudinal range between 1 900 and 2 100 m (19 spp.). Flowering plants of Artorima erubescens, Laelia albida, L. furfuracea, and Prosthechea karwinskii are used by the local people as ornamentals during the religious celebrations of Day of the Dead (Mexico) and Holly Week. This human impact might be a threat to the wild populations of these species in the future.(AU)

Micropropagación y determinación del número cromosómico de Puya trianae con fines de conservación y uso ornamental / Micropropagation and determination of the chromosome number of Puya trianae for conservation and ornamental use

Puya trianae se caracteriza por desarrollar una vistosa inflorescencia que la caracteriza como planta de uso ornamental. Aunque actualmente no se considera amenazada, debido al rápido deterioro de los ecosistemas donde habita, la supervivencia de sus poblaciones sí está amenazada; por dichas razones se desarrolló un protocolo de micropropagación, aplicable para su conservación y para producción masiva de plántulas con fines ornamentales, así como a la determinación de su número cromosómico. Para la multiplicación se utilizaron plántulas provenientes de semillas germinadas in vitro realizando cuatro ensayos para determinar tipo, concentración y tiempo de exposición de algunos reguladores, además de la escisión parcial o total de explantes. Durante la fase de enraizamiento se cultivaron brotes en MS/2 solo y/o suplementado con AIB y ANA; la aclimatización de las plántulas obtenidas se realizó en diferentes mezclas de tierra:turba:capote, en cuarto de crecimiento e invernadero. Los resultados mostraron que en MS+2.0 mgL-1 de TDZ durante 45 días se produjo la mayor cantidad de yemas y brotes que terminaron su desarrollo después de 90 días. Los brotes enraizaron en MS/2 cuantificándose 70% de enraizamiento. Se registró una viabilidad del 90% y una longitud de plántulas de 3.6 cm en tierra:turba después de 60 días de aclimatización. El conteo cromosómico se realizó en células meristemáticas radicales tratadas con colchicina al 0.5%, fijadas en carnoy, hidrolizadas con HCL y con enzimas y teñidas con orceína acética, obteniéndose un número cromosómico de 50, con cromosomas muy pequeños (aprox. 1.2μm).

Puya trianae is characterized for developing a colorful inflorescence, which turned it into an ornamental plant. Is not currently considered threatened, due to the fast habitat deterioration, populations survival is threatened; due to the last, we developed a micropropagation protocol, focused on its conservation and mass production for ornamental purpose, as well as the chromosome counting. For multiplication, seedlings from germinated seeds were used in vitro and we made four tests to determine the type, concentration and time of exposure of some regulators, as well as the partial or total explants excised. Throughout the rooting phase, shoots were grown in MS/2 alone and/or supplemented with IBA and NAA; the acclimatization of the obtained seedlings was carried out in different mixtures land:peat:capote, in a growth room and a greenhouse. Buds and shoots that finished their development during 45 days in MS+2.0 mgL-1 of TDZ were the majority, after three months of development. The shoots rooted in MS/2 quantifying a 70% of rooting. A 90% viability and a plantlets length of 3.6 cm in soil: peat after 60 days of transfer. We made a radical meristematic cells chromosomal counting treated with a 0.5% of colchicine fixed in carnoy, hydrolyzed with HCL and enzymes and stained with acetic orcein, obtaining a chromosome number of 2n=50, with very small chromosomes (aprox. 1.2μm).

Influence of N-P-K fertilization at the acclimatization stage on micropropagated seedlings of Tillandsia bulbosa Hook / Influência da adubação com N-P-K na fase de aclimatização em mudas micropropagadas de Tillandsia bulbosa Hook

Bromeliads are known worldwide for their ornamental potential. In Brazil, species of the genus Tillandsia occur in the Atlantic rainforest, Amazon rainforest, and rocky fields. This work aimed to evaluate the influence of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization on micropropagated seedlings of Tillandsia bulbosa, at the acclimatization stage, and their leaf anatomy. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, in a 4x4+1 factorial scheme, using coconut coir: earthworm humus: sand mixture as substrate (2:1:1). Urea, single superphosphate, and potassium chloride were used as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium sources, respectively, at proportions of 50, 100, 200, and 400% of the dose recommended. The doses were distributed in four applications, testing total application at planting (1); ½ application at planting and ½ at 80 DAP (2); application at planting, at 50 DAP, and at 100 DAP (3); and » application at planting, » at 30 DAP, » at 60 DAP, and » at 120 DAP (4); and a control (without fertilization). Leaves anatomy was analyzed at 180 days after planting. Fertilization did not significantly influence the development of seedlings during acclimatization. The doses of 50, 100, and 200% provided thicker parenchyma of chlorophyll and aquifer and leaf blade. Tillandsia bulbosa can be acclimatized without fertilizer application.

As bromélias são conhecidas mundialmente por seu potencial ornamental. No Brasil, as espécies de Tillandsia podem ser encontradas na Mata Atlântica, Floresta Amazônica e campos rupestres. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência de adubação com nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio em plântulas micropropagadas de Tillandsia bulbosa, na fase de aclimatização e na sua anatomia foliar. O experimento foi implantado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x4+1, utilizando como substrato a mistura de pó de coco: húmus de minhoca: areia (2:1:1). Ureia, super fosfato simples e cloreto de potássio foram utilizados como fontes de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, nas proporções de 50, 100, 200 e 400% da dose recomendada. As doses foram distribuídas em quatro aplicações, testando aplicação total no plantio (1); ½ no plantio e ½ aos 80 DAP (2); no plantio, aos 50 DAP e aos 100 DAP (3) e » no plantio, » aos 30 DAP, » aos 60 DAP e » aos 120 DAP (4), e uma testemunha (sem adubação). Foi realizado o estudo anatômico das folhas aos 180 dias. A adubação não influenciou significativamente o desenvolvimento das plântulas durante a aclimatização. As doses de 50, 100 e 200% proporcionaram maior espessura de parênquimas clorofiliano e aquífero e do limbo foliar. A aclimatização de Tillandsia bulbosa pode ser realizada sem a necessidade de adubação.

Diversity and distribution of epiphytic bromeliads in a Brazilian subtropical mangrove

ABSTRACT It is not unusual to find epiphytic bromeliads in mangroves, but most studies on mangrove vegetation do not record their presence. This study aimed to evaluate the diversity and distribution of epiphytic bromeliads in a subtropical mangrove. The richness, abundance and life form (atmospheric and tank) of bromeliads were recorded and compared among host tree species and waterline proximity. The effects of diameter and height of host trees on the abundance of bromeliads were also assessed. The mangrove was composed of Avicennia schaueriana, Laguncularia racemosa and Rhizophora mangle. We recorded seven bromeliad species of the genera Tillandsia and Vriesea. The waterline proximity did not affect the abundance or diversity of bromeliads, but atmospheric forms were predominant near the waterline, whereas tank bromeliads were more frequent in the interior of the mangrove. The three mangrove species hosted bromeliads, but L. racemosa was the preferred host. The species composition showed that the distribution of bromeliads is more related to the host species than to the distance from the waterline. Bromeliad abundance increased with tree size. Bromeliads can be biological indicators of ecosystem health; therefore, inventories and host tree preferences are necessary knowledge for an adequate management of sensitive ecosystems as mangroves.

Viabilidad y germinación de semillas de Hechtiaperotensis (Bromeliaceae) / Viability and germination of Hechtia perotensis (Bromeliaceae) seed

ResumenPoblaciones endémicas de Hechtiaperotensis se han descrito en Puebla y Veracruz, México. La recolección de semillas de buena calidad permite su uso en conservación, investigación y restauración ecológica. Algunos compuestos para evaluar la calidad de las semillas silvestres y endémicas, como nitrato de potasio (KNO3) y ácido giberílico (AG3), se utilizan para incrementar la germinación de las semillas y disminuir la latencia. La prueba de cloruro de trifeniltetrazolio (tetrazolio) se correlaciona con la viabilidad de las semillas porque se basa en la actividad de las deshidrogenasas de tejidos vivos que catalizan la respiración mitocondrial. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer el tamaño y el peso de las cápsulas y las semillas y la germinación y viabilidad de las semillas de H. perotensis recolectadas en Veracruz en 2012 y 2015. Las hipótesis fueron (1) que la germinación y la viabilidad de las semillas son independientes del año de recolecta, (2) que hay una concentración adecuada de tetrazolio para identificar la viabilidad de las semillas y (3) que el pretratamiento con KNO3 o AG3 incrementa la germinación de las semillas. La germinación se evaluó con un diseño completamente al azar con tres tratamientos (testigo y promotores de la germinación KNO3 0.2 % y AG3 500 mg/L), cuatro tratamientos para la prueba de viabilidad (testigo, 0.2, 0.5 y 1.0 % de tetrazolio) y seis repeticiones de cada tratamiento. La germinación se evaluó en 100 semillas y la viabilidad en 25. Los resultados entre y dentro de años se analizaron con ANDEVA y prueba de comparación múltiple de medias de Tukey. La proporción de semillas no germinadas se cuantificó junto con el número de plántulas normales y anormales, semillas con embrión viable o sin él, y con viabilidad baja o sin viabilidad. En promedio la muestra recolectada en 2012 tuvo 36 % de semillas con embrión viable, 7 con viabilidad baja, 24 % no viables y 33 % sin embrión. Este resultado fue significativamente diferente al de 2015, que presentó 87 % de embriones viables, 10 % con viabilidad baja, 0 % no viables y 3 % sin embrión. La germinación también fue significativamente diferente entre los años (22 y 92 %). Los tratamientos pregerminativos no modificaron la germinación. La germinación y la viabilidad de las semillas de H. perotensis varían significativamente entre los años de recolecta.

Abstract:Endemic populations of Hechtiaperotensis have been described in Puebla and Veracruz, Mexico. Good quality seed collections can be used in conservation, research and ecological restoration. To evaluate seed quality of wild and endemic species, some compounds are used as effective promoters of germination, such as potassium nitrate (KNO3) and gibberellic acid (AG3), because they increase seed germination capacity and reduce latency. The triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (tetrazolium) test correlates seed viability because it is based on the activity of dehydrogenases in live tissues that catalyze mitochondrial respiration. The objective of this study was to obtain information on size and weight of capsules and seeds and seed germination and viability of H.perotensis, collected in Veracruz in the year 2012 and 2015. The hypotheses were 1) that seed germination and viability are independent of the year of collection, 2) that there is a tetrazolium concentration that can identify seed viability better than others, and 3) that pretreatment with KNO3 or AG3 improves seed germination. Seed germination was assessed using a completely randomized design with three treatments (control and the germination promoters 0.2 % KNO3 and 500 mg/L AG3), four treatments for the viability test (control, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 % of tetrazolium) and six replicates for each treatment. A total of one hundred seeds for germination experiments, and 25 seeds for the viability test were used. The results between and within years were analyzed with ANOVA and multiple comparison with the Tukey test. The proportion of non-germinated seeds was quantified along with the number of normal and abnormal seedlings, seeds with viable embryo, seeds without embryo, and seeds with low or no viability. On average, for the 2012 collected sample, 36 % had viable embryos, 7 % had low viability, 24 % were not viable and 33 % had no embryo. This result was significantly different from the 2015 sample, for which 87 % of seed showed viable embryos, 10 % had low viability, 0 % was not viable and 3 % had no embryo. Seed germination was also significantly different between years (22 and 92 %) Pregerminative treatments did not improve germination. Seed germination and viability of H. perotensis significantly varied between years of seed collection. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (1): 153-165. Epub 2017 March 01.

Conservation of Vriesea flammea L.B.Sm., an endemic Brazilian bromeliad: effects of nutrients and carbon source on plant development

Abstract Bromeliaceae is restricted to the Neotropical region and has a high degree of endemism, which contributes to increased biodiversity because of the diverse morphological characteristics of individuals. In order to develop an in vitro conservation technology to obtain plants for reintroduction, seeds of Vriesea flammea L.B.Sm. were collected, sterilized and germinated in culture medium. The plants obtained were cultured for 180 days in MS medium with different concentrations of mineral nutrients (25 and 50% of nitrogenous salts and macronutrients), and different concentrations of sucrose (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 g L-1), and then acclimatized for 150 days on commercial substrate. When seeds were sterilized directly, only 4% of them were contaminated, whereas sterilization of capsules resulted in 43.6% contaminated seeds. Germination rates above 80% were recorded. Low concentrations of nitrogenous salts and macronutrients produced greater than 76% survival and promoted greater in vitro plant development than the complete MS medium. The development of the aerial system, root system, fresh mass and photosynthetic pigments were positively related to sucrose concentration in vitro. The highest sucrose concentration also indirectly promoted greater development of the aerial system and fresh mass of acclimatized plants. We established conditions for in vitro cultivation and acclimatization for efficient propagation of V. flammea with a view towards conservation of the species or reestablishment of natural populations.

Resumo Bromeliaceae é restrita à região neotropical, com alto grau de endemismo, que contribui para o aumento da biodiversidade, devido às características morfológicas dos indivíduos. Objetivando desenvolver uma tecnologia in vitro de conservação para obtenção de plantas com vistas à reintrodução, sementes de Vriesea flammea L.B.Sm. foram coletadas, esterilizadas, germinadas em meio de cultura e as plantas obtidas foram cultivadas por 180 dias em meio MS com diferentes concentrações de nutrientes minerais (25 e 50% dos sais nitrogenados e dos macronutrientes), bem como em diferentes concentrações de sacarose (20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 g L-1). Após, as plantas foram aclimatizadas por 150 dias em substrato comercial. Quando da esterilização das sementes, apenas 4% destas contaminaram. Por sua vez, a esterilização de cápsulas resultou em 43,6% de sementes contaminadas. Taxas de germinação superiores a 80% foram registradas. Baixas concentrações dos sais nitrogenados e de macronutrientes proporcionaram sobrevivência superior a 76% e promoveram maior desenvolvimento das plantas in vitro do que o meio MS completo. O desenvolvimento do sistema aéreo, radicular, a massa fresca e pigmentos fotossintéticos apresentaram relação positiva com a concentração de sacarose in vitro. A maior concentração de sacarose também propiciou indiretamente maior desenvolvimento do sistema aéreo e massa fresca das plantas aclimatizadas. Estabelecemos as condições de cultivo in vitro e aclimatização para a eficiente propagação de V. flammea com vistas à conservação da espécie ou reestabelecimento das populações naturais.

Effects of climate and forest structure on palms, bromeliads and bamboos in Atlantic Forest fragments of Northeastern Brazil / Efeitos do clima e da estrutura da vegetação em palmeiras, bromélias e bambus em fragmentos de Mata Atlântica no nordeste brasileiro

Abstract Palms, bromeliads and bamboos are key elements of tropical forests and understanding the effects of climate, anthropogenic pressure and forest structure on these groups is crucial to forecast structural changes in tropical forests. Therefore, we investigated the effects of these factors on the abundance of these groups in 22 Atlantic forest fragments of Northeastern Brazil. Abundance of bromeliads and bamboos were assessed through indexes. Palms were counted within a radius of 20 m. We also obtained measures of vegetation structure, fragment size, annual precipitation, precipitation seasonality and human population density. We tested the effects of these predictors on plant groups using path analysis. Palm abundance was higher in taller forests with larger trees, closed canopy and sparse understory, which may be a result of the presence of seed dispersers and specific attributes of local palm species. Bromeliads were negatively affected by both annual precipitation and precipitation seasonality, what may reflect adaptations of these plants to use water efficiently, but also the need to capture water in a regular basis. Bamboos were not related to any predictor variable. As climate and forest structure affected the abundance of bromeliads and palms, human-induced climatic changes and disturbances in forest structure may modify the abundance of these groups. In addition, soil properties and direct measurements of human disturbance should be used in future studies in order to improve the predictability of models about plant groups in Northeastern Atlantic Forest.

Resumo Palmeiras, bromélias e bambus são importantes elementos das florestas tropicais e, entender os efeitos do clima, pressão antrópica e estrutura da floresta nesses grupos é crucial para prever alterações estruturais em florestas tropicais. Portanto, nós investigamos os efeitos desses fatores na abundância desses grupos vegetais em 22 fragmentos de Mata Atlântica no nordeste brasileiro. Abundâncias de bromélias e bambus foram registradas através de índices. Palmeiras foram contadas em um raio de 20 m. Nós também obtemos medidas da estrutura da vegetação, tamanho de fragmento, precipitação anual, sazonalidade na precipitação e densidade populacional humana. Nós testamos os efeitos desses preditores nos grupos vegetais através de análises de caminhos. A abundância de palmeiras foi maior em florestas mais altas, com árvores mais grossas, dossel fechado e sub-bosque aberto, o que deve refletir a presença de dispersores de sementes e atributos específicos das espécies de palmeiras locais. Bromélias foram negativamente afetadas pela precipitação anual e pela sazonalidade na precipitação, o que deve refletir adaptações dessas plantas para o uso eficiente da água, mas também a necessidade de captar água regularmente. Bambus não estiveram relacionados com nenhum dos preditores avaliados. Dado que clima e estrutura florestal afetaram a abundância de bromélias e palmeiras, as mudanças climáticas e distúrbios na estrutura das matas causados por ações antrópicas podem alterar a abundância desses grupos. Adicionalmente, propriedades do solo e medidas diretas de distúrbios antrópicos devem ser usadas em estudos futuros para melhorar o poder preditivo dos modelos sobre a abundância de plantas na Mata Atlântica do nordeste brasileiro.

Plant structure predicts leaf litter capture in the tropical montane bromeliad Tillandsia turneri / A estrutura da planta determina a folhagem interceptada pela bromelia Tillandsiaturneri

Abstract Leaves intercepted by bromeliads become an important energy and matter resource for invertebrate communities, bacteria, fungi, and the plant itself. The relationship between bromeliad structure, defined as its size and complexity, and accumulated leaf litter was studied in 55 bromeliads of Tillandsia turneri through multiple regression and the Akaike information criterion. Leaf litter accumulation in bromeliads was best explained by size and complexity variables such as plant cover, sheath length, and leaf number. In conclusion, plant structure determines the amount of litter that enters bromeliads, and changes in its structure could affect important processes within ecosystem functioning or species richness.

Resumo As folhagens interceptadas pelas bromélias é um importante recurso para a comunidade de invertebrados, bactérias, fungos e para a própria planta. Estudou-se a relação entre a estrutura de 55 bromélias de Tillandsia tumeri, definida como o tamanho, a complexidade da planta, a folhagem acumulada por meio de regressão múltipla e o critério de informação de Akaike. Encontrou-se que as variáveis de tamanho, cobertura, comprimento da bainha e a variável de complexidade do número de folhas explicam a acumulação de folhas nas bromélias. Em conclusão, a estrutura do planta determina a quantidade de folhas armazenada na bromélia e os câmbios da estrutura da bromélia poderiam afetar importantes processos de funcionamento do ecossistema ou a riqueza de espécies.

Volatile compounds profile of Bromeliaceae flowers / Perfil de compuestos volátiles de las flores en las Bromeliaceae

Abstract:Volatile compounds play a vital role in the life cycle of plants, possessing antimicrobial and anti-herbivore activities, and with a significant importance in the food, cosmetic, chemical, and pharmaceutical industry. This study aimed to identify the volatile compounds emitted by flowers of thirteen species belonging to four genera of Bromeliaceae, using headspace solid-phase micro-extraction and detection by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 71 volatile compounds belonging to nine chemical groups were identified. The compounds identified represented more than 97 % of the major components in Aechmea bicolor, Ae. bromeliifolia, Ae. distichantha, Ae. fasciata, and Vriesea friburgensis. In the Ananas varieties, over 99 % of the components were identified, and around 90 % in V. simplex. V. friburgensis presented the largest diversity of volatiles with 31 compounds, while Alcantarea nahoumii presented only 14. All three Ananas varieties presented the same 28 compounds in relatively similar abundance, which has been confirmed by principal component analysis. Current taxonomy and pollination syndrome studies available can adequately explain the variation in volatile compounds among species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 1101-1116. Epub 2016 September 01.

ResumenLos compuestos volátiles tienen un papel vital en el ciclo de vida de las plantas. Poseen actividad antimicrobiana y anti-herbivoría biológica y una gran importancia en la industria de alimentos, cosméticos, perfumes, productos químicos y farmacéuticos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar los compuestos volátiles de trece flores de especies, pertenecientes a cuatro géneros de Bromeliaceae utilizando microextracción en fase sólida mediante cromatografía de gases hifenada con espacio de cabeza acoplada a espectrometría de masas. Se han identificado setenta y un diferentes compuestos volátiles pertenecientes a nueve grupos. Los compuestos identificados representaron más del 97 % de los componentes principales en Aechmea bicolor, Ae. bromeliifolia, Ae. distichantha, Ae. fasciata, Vriesea friburgensis, 99 % en las variedades de Ananas y 90 % en V. Simplex. V. friburgensis mostró la mayor diversidad de compuestos volátiles con 31, mientras que en Al. nahoumii se han encontrado sólo 14 compuestos. Las tres variedades de Ananas presentan los mismos 28 compuestos en cantidades relativamente similares, lo que se confirmó por el análisis de componentes principales. Estudios taxonómicos y síndromes de polinización disponibles podrían explicar la variación de los compuestos volátiles entre especies.

Nuevos registros para la flora de honduras y el parque nacional montaña de celaque / New Records for the Flora of Honduras and Celaque Mountain National Park

Se registran 11 novedades para la flora de Honduras a partir de ejemplares recolectados en el Parque Nacional Montaña Celaque. Los nuevos registros son: Tillandsia mateoensis (Bromeliaceae), Diastema affine (Gesneriaceae), Scutellaria costaricana (Lamiaceae), Miconia contrerasii (Melastomataceae), Acianthera violacea, Dendrophylax porrectus, Epidendrum santaclarense, Lepanthes enca-barcenae, L. fratercula, L. isabelae y Sarcoglottis schaffneri (Orchidaceae). Por otra parte, Potosia guatemalensis es sinonimizado bajo S. schaffneri. Se incluyen fotos de todas las especies, hábitats y un mapa de distribución con sus localidades en Honduras.

Eleven new records for the flora of Honduras from Celaque Mountain National Park are reported here. The new records are: Tillandsia mateoensis (Bromeliaceae), Diastema affine (Gesneriaceae), Scutellaria costaricana (Lamiaceae), Miconia contrerasii (Melastomataceae), Acianthera violacea, Dendrophylax porrectus, Epidendrum santaclarense, Lepanthes enca-barcenae, L. fratercula, L. isabelae, and Sarcoglottis schaffneri (Orchidaceae). Moreover, Potosia guatemalensis is synonimized under S. schaffneri. We include photos of all species, habitats, and a distributional map with their localities in Honduras.

In vitro growth of the bromeliad Alcantarea imperialis (Carrière) Harms with different concentrations of nitrogen / Crescimento in vitro da bromélia Alcantarea imperialis (Carrière) Harms com diferentes concentrações de nitrogênio

In various ecosystems, many plants have been reduced in number or even eliminated from natural habitats, including the endangered ornamental bromeliad Alcantarea imperialis (Carrière) Harms. The in vitro culture is a tool that has been used for conservation of endangered species and widely used for the production of ornamental plants. This study aimed at investigating the influence of different nitrogen concentrations on the growth of plantlets of the bromeliad A. imperialis grown in vitro. Seedlings of A. imperialis were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium, supplemented with different concentrations of nitrogen (0.00, 3.75, 7.50, 15.00, 30.00, 60.00, 90.00, 120.00, and 175.00 mM) at 30 mmol m- 2 s-1, at 12 hour photoperiod and 26±2°C for six months. The results showed that plants grown with 15.00 and 60.00 mM N showed the best growth.

Em vários ecossistemas, o número de plantas está se reduzindo ou até mesmo erradicadas de seus hábitats naturais, e uma dessas espécies que está em perigo é a bromélia ornamental Alcantarea imperialis (Carrière) Harms. O cultivo in vitro é uma ferramenta que tem sido utilizada na conservação de espécies em extinção e tem sido amplamente utilizado para a produção de plantas ornamentais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a influência de diferentes concentrações de nitrogênio sobre o crescimento da bromélia A. imperialis cultivadas in vitro. Plântulas de A. imperialis foram cultivadas em meio de Murashige e Skoog, suplementado com diferentes concentrações de nitrogênio (0,00; 3,75; 7,50; 15,00; 30,00; 60,00; 90,00; 120,00 e 175,00 mM) em 30 mmol m-2 s-1, em 12h fotoperíodo, a 26±2°C durante seis meses. Os resultados mostraram que as plantas crescidas com 15,00 e 60,00 mM de N proporcionam o melhor crescimento.

Foraging behaviour of the Scale-throated Hermit Phaethornis eurynome Lesson, 1832 (Aves, Trochilidae) in Vriesea incurvata Gaudich (Bromeliaceae) / Comportamento alimentar de Phaethornis eurynome Lesson, 1832 (Aves, Trochilidae) em Vriesea incurvata Gaudich (Bromeliaceae)

In this study we tested for density-dependent relationships between visitation rates of the Scale-throated Hermit (Phaethornis eurynome) and the plant density and flower number of the bromeliad Vriesea incurvata, by comparing plots with varying densities of this bromeliad. Eight 100 m2 plots were established at least 200 m from each other; four plots contained 10-15 individuals of V. incurvata each, whereas the other four contained 4-5 individuals each. The visitors, number of visits, behaviour (nectar thief or potential pollinator) and the height of foraging were recorded during focal observations on the plants. The number of visits of P. eurynome varied according to the local density of V. incurvata, showing that the heterogeneous distribution of this bromeliad species may promote adjustments in the pollinator populations, through resource variation at a local scale.

Neste estudo foram testadas as relações entre taxas de visitação de Phaethornis eurynome e a densidade e o número de flores de Vriesea incurvata, comparando-se parcelas com diferentes densidades desta bromélia. Oito parcelas de 100 m2 foram estabelecidas a pelo menos 200 m uma da outra; quatro parcelas continham de 10 a 15 indivíduos de V. incurvata cada, enquanto as outras quatro continham de 4 a 5 indivíduos cada. Os visitantes, o número de visitas, o comportamento (pilhador ou potencial polinizador) e altura de forrageamento foram registrados em observações focais das plantas. O número de visitas por P. eurynome variou conforme a densidade de V. incurvata na área, demonstrando que a distribuição heterogênea desta bromélia pode promover ajustes populacionais por parte dos polinizadores, através da variação da oferta de recursos em uma escala local.

Epiphytic angiosperms in a mountain forest in southern Bahia, Brazil / Angiospermas epífitas de uma floresta montana no sul da Bahia, Brasil

The Atlantic Forest in southern Bahia State, Brazil, has high levels of diversity and vascular plant endemism. There have been few floristic surveys of the mountain forests there, however, especially those focusing on herbs and canopy plants, with studies of Atlantic Forest epiphytes having been limited to the southern and southeastern region of that country. The present study therefore surveyed the epiphytic angiosperms in the Serra das Lontras National Park (SLNP), the distribution of their species among genera and families, and their biogeographical patterns. Fieldwork was performed between February 2011 and March 2012. Collections were made along roads and trails and phorophytes were occasionally climbed and fallen trees and branches examined in order to sample canopy species. The study site demonstrated high epiphyte richness (256 spp.), one of the highest recorded in the Atlantic Forest. The richest families are Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, and Araceae, reaffirming the patterns reported in previous major reviews on epiphytes. The species exhibit high degrees of endemism (45%) to the Atlantic Forest, especially among the Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae. One new occurrence to Brazil, four to the Atlantic Forest and 30 to Bahia state are registered. The SLNP shares more species with areas of southern and southeastern Brazil than with other northeastern states.

A Floresta Atlântica do sul da Bahia apresenta elevados níveis de diversidade e endemismo de plantas vasculares. No entanto, poucos levantamentos florísticos foram realizados em áreas de floresta montana, especialmente para ervas e plantas de dossel. Estudos com epífitas estão concentrados principalmente em áreas do Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Desta forma, o presente estudo realizou o levantamento das angiospermas epífitas do Parque Nacional da Serra das Lontras (PNSL) e verificou a distribuição das espécies pelas famílias e gêneros e seus padrões biogeográficos. As coletas foram realizadas entre fevereiro de 2011 e março de 2012 nas trilhas e estradas de acesso. Alguns forófitos foram escalados e árvores e ramos caídos foram examinados com o intuito de coletar espécies restritas ao dossel. A área de estudo apresentou alta diversidade de epífitas (256 spp.), uma das maiores já registradas para a Floresta Atlântica. As famílias com maior riqueza são Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae e Araceae, reafirmando os padrões encontrados anteriormente em revisões do tema. As espécies apresentam alto grau de endemismo (45%) è Floresta Atlântica, especialmente em Bromeliaceae e Orchidaceae. São registradas uma nova ocorrência para o Brasil, quatro para a Floresta Atlântica e 30 para a Bahia. O PNSL possui mais espécies em comum com o Sul e o Sudeste do que com a região Nordeste.

Physiological characteristics of the Atlantic Forest native bromeliads: Nidularium campo-alegrense Leme and Aechmea ornata Baker / Características fisiológicas de bromélias nativas da Mata Atlântica: Nidularium campo-alegrense Leme e Aechmea ornata Baker

Despite the ecological importance of bromeliads, the basic knowledge about the physiological aspects in some species is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to physiologically characterize the species Nidularium campo-alegrense Leme and Aechmea ornata Baker to contribute to a better understanding of their metabolic processes. From mature leaves of bromeliads N. campo-alegrense and A. ornata held at the Agricultural Sciences Center of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, it was quantified photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrates and starch, and determined stomata and trichome density. The chlorophyll and carotenoids content did not differ significantly between species. However, the total carbohydrates content of A. ornata (3.2 mg g- 1 FM) was significantly higher than N. campo-alegrense, but with similar starch content (1.7 mg g -1 FM). Both species present hypostomatic leaves, with more trichomes in the species A. ornata. This information provides the groundwork for future studies on the biochemical mechanisms related to their photosynthetic process, contributing in establishing strategies for the conservation and propagation of these species.

Apesar da importância ecológica das bromélias, o conhecimento básico sobre os aspectos fisiológicos em algumas espécies é pouco compreendido. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar fisiologicamente as espécies Nidularium campo-alegrense Leme e Aechmea ornata Baker, para contribuir ao melhor entendimento dos seus processos metabólicos. Pelas folhas maduras, das bromélias N. campo-alegrense e A. ornata mantidas no Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA) da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), foram quantificados os pigmentos fotossintéticos, carboidratos e amido e foi determinada a densidade estomática e tricomática. Os teores de clorofila e carotenoides não apresentaram diferença significativa entre as espécies. No entanto, na espécie A. ornata, o teor de carboidratos totais (3,2 mg g-1 MF) foi significativamente maior e o teor de amido (1,7 mg g-1 MF) semelhante quando comparado com N. campo-alegrense. As duas espécies apresentam folhas hipoestomáticas e o número de tricomas foi maior na espécie A. ornata . Estas informações fornecem as bases para futuros estudos sobre os mecanismos bioquímicos relacionados com seu processo fotossintético para contribuir no estabelecimento de estratégias de conservação ou propagação destas espécies.